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- XSERVER(1) USER COMMANDS XSERVER(1)
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- NAME
- Xserver - X Window System server
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- SYNOPSIS
- X [:displaynumber] [-option ...] [ttyname]
-
- DESCRIPTION
- _X is the generic name for the X Window System server. It is
- frequently a link or a copy of the appropriate server binary
- for driving the most frequently used server on a given
- machine.
-
- STARTING THE SERVER
- The server is usually started from the X Display Manager
- program _x_d_m. This utility is run from the system boot files
- and takes care of keeping the server running, prompting for
- usernames and passwords, and starting up the user sessions.
- It is easily configured for sites that wish to provide nice,
- consistent interfaces for novice users (loading convenient
- sets of resources, starting up a window manager, clock, and
- nice selection of terminal emulator windows).
-
- Installations that run more than one window system will
- still need to use the _x_i_n_i_t utility. However, _x_i_n_i_t is to
- be considered a tool for building startup scripts and is not
- intended for use by end users. Site administrators are
- strongly urged to use _x_d_m, or build other interfaces for
- novice users.
-
- When the X server starts up, it takes over the display. If
- you are running on a workstation whose console is the
- display, you cannot log into the console while the server is
- running.
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- NETWORK CONNECTIONS
- The X server supports connections made using the following
- reliable byte-streams:
-
- _T_C_P/_I_P
- The server listens on port 6000+_n, where _n is the
- display number.
-
- _U_n_i_x _D_o_m_a_i_n
- The X server uses /_t_m_p/._X_1_1-_u_n_i_x/_Xn as the filename for
- the socket, where _n is the display number.
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- _D_E_C_n_e_t
- The server responds to connections to object _X$_Xn, where
- _n is the display number. This is not supported in all
- environments.
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- XSERVER(1) USER COMMANDS XSERVER(1)
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- OPTIONS
- All of the X servers accept the following command line
- options:
-
- -a _n_u_m_b_e_r
- sets pointer acceleration (i.e. the ratio of how
- much is reported to how much the user actually moved
- the pointer).
-
- -auth _a_u_t_h_o_r_i_z_a_t_i_o_n-_f_i_l_e
- Specifies a file which contains a collection of
- authorization records used to authenticate access.
- See also the _x_d_m and _X_s_e_c_u_r_i_t_y manual pages.
-
- bc disables certain kinds of error checking, for bug
- compatibility with previous releases (e.g., to work
- around bugs in R2 and R3 xterms and toolkits).
- Deprecated.
-
- -bs disables backing store support on all screens.
-
- -c turns off key-click.
-
- c _v_o_l_u_m_e
- sets key-click volume (allowable range: 0-100).
-
- -cc _c_l_a_s_s
- sets the visual class for the root window of color
- screens. The class numbers are as specified in the
- X protocol. Not obeyed by all servers.
-
- -co _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
- sets name of RGB color database.
-
- -dpi _r_e_s_o_l_u_t_i_o_n
- sets the resolution of the screen, in dots per inch.
- To be used when the server cannot determine the
- screen size from the hardware.
-
- -f _v_o_l_u_m_e
- sets feep (bell) volume (allowable range: 0-100).
-
- -fc _c_u_r_s_o_r_F_o_n_t
- sets default cursor font.
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- -fn _f_o_n_t
- sets the default font.
-
- -fp _f_o_n_t_P_a_t_h
- sets the search path for fonts. This path is a
- comma separated list of directories which the X
- server searches for font databases.
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- -help prints a usage message.
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- -I causes all remaining command line arguments to be
- ignored.
-
- -ld _k_i_l_o_b_y_t_e_s
- sets the data space limit of the server to the
- specified number of kilobytes. A value of zero
- makes the data size as large as possible. The
- default value of -1 leaves the data space limit
- unchanged. This option is not available in all
- operating systems.
-
- -lf _f_i_l_e_s
- sets the number-of-open-files limit of the server to
- the specified number. A value is zero makes the
- limit as large as possible. The default value of -1
- leaves the limit unchanged. This option is not
- available in all operating systems.
-
- -ls _k_i_l_o_b_y_t_e_s
- sets the stack space limit of the server to the
- specified number of kilobytes. A value of zero
- makes the stack size as large as possible. The
- default value of -1 leaves the stack space limit
- unchanged. This option is not available in all
- operating systems.
-
- -logo turns on the X Window System logo display in the
- screen-saver. There is currently no way to change
- this from a client.
-
- nologo turns off the X Window System logo display in the
- screen-saver. There is currently no way to change
- this from a client.
-
- -p _m_i_n_u_t_e_s
- sets screen-saver pattern cycle time in minutes.
-
- -r turns off auto-repeat.
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- r turns on auto-repeat.
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- -s _m_i_n_u_t_e_s
- sets screen-saver timeout time in minutes.
-
- -su disables save under support on all screens.
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- -t _n_u_m_b_e_r
- sets pointer acceleration threshold in pixels (i.e.
- after how many pixels pointer acceleration should
- take effect).
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- -to _s_e_c_o_n_d_s
- sets default connection timeout in seconds.
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- tty_x_x ignored, for servers started the ancient way (from
- init).
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- v sets video-off screen-saver preference.
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- -v sets video-on screen-saver preference.
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- -wm forces the default backing-store of all windows to
- be WhenMapped; a cheap trick way of getting
- backing-store to apply to all windows.
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- -x _e_x_t_e_n_s_i_o_n
- loads the specified extension at init. Not sup-
- ported in most implementations.
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- You can also have the X server connect to _x_d_m using XDMCP.
- Although this is not typically useful as it does not allow
- _x_d_m to manage the server process, it can be used to debug
- XDMCP implementations, and serves as a sample implementation
- of the server side of XDMCP. For more information on this
- protocol, see the _X _D_i_s_p_l_a_y _M_a_n_a_g_e_r _C_o_n_t_r_o_l _P_r_o_t_o_c_o_l specif-
- ication. The following options control the behavior of
- XDMCP.
-
- -query _h_o_s_t-_n_a_m_e
- Enable XDMCP and send Query packets to the specified
- host.
-
- -broadcast
- Enable XDMCP and broadcast BroadcastQuery packets to
- the network. The first responding display manager
- will be chosen for the session.
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- -indirect _h_o_s_t-_n_a_m_e
- Enable XDMCP and send IndirectQuery packets to the
- specified host.
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- -port _p_o_r_t-_n_u_m
- Use an alternate port number for XDMCP packets.
- Must be specified before any -query, -broadcast or
- -indirect options.
-
- -once Normally, the server keeps starting sessions, one
- after the other. This option makes the server exit
- after the first session is over.
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- -class _d_i_s_p_l_a_y-_c_l_a_s_s
- XDMCP has an additional display qualifier used in
- resource lookup for display-specific options. This
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- option sets that value, by default it is "MIT-
- Unspecified" (not a very useful value).
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- -cookie _x_d_m-_a_u_t_h-_b_i_t_s
- When testing XDM-AUTHENTICATION-1, a private key is
- shared between the server and the manager. This
- option sets the value of that private data (not that
- it is very private, being on the command line!).
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- -displayID _d_i_s_p_l_a_y-_i_d
- Yet another XDMCP specific value, this one allows
- the display manager to identify each display so that
- it can locate the shared key.
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- Many servers also have device-specific command line options.
- See the manual pages for the individual servers for more
- details.
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- SECURITY
- The X server implements a simplistic authorization protocol,
- MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1 which uses data private to authorized
- clients and the server. This is a rather trivial scheme; if
- the client passes authorization data which is the same as
- the server has, it is allowed access. This scheme is worse
- than the host-based access control mechanisms in environ-
- ments with unsecure networks as it allows any host to con-
- nect, given that it has discovered the private key. But in
- many environments, this level of security is better than the
- host-based scheme as it allows access control per-user
- instead of per-host.
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- In addition, the server provides support for a DES-based
- authorization scheme, XDM-AUTHORIZATION-1, which is more
- secure (given a secure key distribution mechanism). This
- authorization scheme can be used in conjunction with XDMCP's
- authentication scheme (XDM-AUTHENTICATION-1) or in isola-
- tion.
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- The authorization data is passed to the server in a private
- file named with the -auth command line option. Each time
- the server is about to accept the first connection after a
- reset (or when the server is starting), it reads this file.
- If this file contains any authorization records, the local
- host is not automatically allowed access to the server, and
- only clients which send one of the authorization records
- contained in the file in the connection setup information
- will be allowed access. See the _X_a_u manual page for a
- description of the binary format of this file. Maintenance
- of this file, and distribution of its contents to remote
- sites for use there is left as an exercise for the reader.
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- The server also provides support for SUN-DES-1, using Sun's
- Secure RPC. It involves encrypting data with the X server's
- public key. See the _X_s_e_c_u_r_i_t_y manual page for more informa-
- tion.
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- The X server also uses a host-based access control list for
- deciding whether or not to accept connections from clients
- on a particular machine. If no other authorization mechan-
- ism is being used, this list initially consists of the host
- on which the server is running as well as any machines
- listed in the file /_e_t_c/_Xn._h_o_s_t_s, where n is the display
- number of the server. Each line of the file should contain
- either an Internet hostname (e.g. expo.lcs.mit.edu) or a
- DECnet hostname in double colon format (e.g. hydra::).
- There should be no leading or trailing spaces on any lines.
- For example:
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- joesworkstation
- corporate.company.com
- star::
- bigcpu::
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- Users can add or remove hosts from this list and enable or
- disable access control using the _x_h_o_s_t command from the same
- machine as the server.
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- The X protocol intrinsically does not have any notion of
- window operation permissions or place any restrictions on
- what a client can do; if a program can connect to a display,
- it has full run of the screen. Sites that have better
- authentication and authorization systems (such as Kerberos)
- might wish to make use of the hooks in the libraries and the
- server to provide additional security models.
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- SIGNALS
- The X server attaches special meaning to the following sig-
- nals:
-
- _S_I_G_H_U_P This signal causes the server to close all existing
- connections, free all resources, and restore all
- defaults. It is sent by the display manager when-
- ever the main user's main application (usually an
- _x_t_e_r_m or window manager) exits to force the server
- to clean up and prepare for the next user.
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- _S_I_G_T_E_R_M This signal causes the server to exit cleanly.
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- _S_I_G_U_S_R_1 This signal is used quite differently from either of
- the above. When the server starts, it checks to see
- if it has inherited SIGUSR1 as SIG_IGN instead of
- the usual SIG_DFL. In this case, the server sends a
- SIGUSR1 to its parent process after it has set up
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- the various connection schemes. _X_d_m uses this
- feature to recognize when connecting to the server
- is possible.
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- FONTS
- Fonts are usually stored as individual files in directories.
- The X server can obtain fonts from directories and/or from
- font servers. The list of directories and font servers the
- X server uses when trying to open a font is controlled by
- the _f_o_n_t _p_a_t_h. Although most sites will choose to have the
- X server start up with the appropriate font path (using the
- -_f_p option mentioned above), it can be overridden using the
- _x_s_e_t program.
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- The default font path for the X server contains four direc-
- tories:
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- /_u_s_r/_l_i_b/_X_1_1/_f_o_n_t_s/_m_i_s_c
- This directory contains many miscellaneous bitmap
- fonts that are useful on all systems. It contains a
- family of fixed-width fonts, a family of fixed-width
- fonts from Dale Schumacher, several Kana fonts from
- Sony Corporation, two JIS Kanji fonts, two Hangul
- fonts from Daewoo Electronics, two Hebrew fonts from
- Joseph Friedman, the standard cursor font, two cur-
- sor fonts from Digital Equipment Corporation, and
- cursor and glyph fonts from Sun Microsystems. It
- also has various font name aliases for the fonts,
- including fixed and variable.
-
- /_u_s_r/_l_i_b/_X_1_1/_f_o_n_t_s/_S_p_e_e_d_o
- This directory contains outline fonts for
- Bitstream's Speedo rasterizer. A single font face,
- in normal, bold, italic, and bold italic, is pro-
- vided, contributed by Bitstream, Inc.
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- /_u_s_r/_l_i_b/_X_1_1/_f_o_n_t_s/_7_5_d_p_i
- This directory contains bitmap fonts contributed by
- Adobe Systems, Inc., Digital Equipment Corporation,
- Bitstream, Inc., Bigelow and Holmes, and Sun
- Microsystems, Inc. for 75 dots per inch displays.
- An integrated selection of sizes, styles, and
- weights are provided for each family.
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- /_u_s_r/_l_i_b/_X_1_1/_f_o_n_t_s/_1_0_0_d_p_i
- This directory contains 100 dots per inch versions
- of some of the fonts in the _7_5_d_p_i directory.
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- Font databases are created by running the _m_k_f_o_n_t_d_i_r program
- in the directory containing the compiled versions of the
- fonts (the ._p_c_f files). Whenever fonts are added to a
- directory, _m_k_f_o_n_t_d_i_r should be rerun so that the server can
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- find the new fonts. If _m_k_f_o_n_t_d_i_r is not run, the server
- will not be able to find any fonts in the directory.
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- DIAGNOSTICS
- Too numerous to list them all. If run from _i_n_i_t(_8), errors
- are typically logged in the file /_u_s_r/_a_d_m/_X*_m_s_g_s,
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- FILES
- /etc/X*.hosts Initial access control list
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- /usr/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi
- /usr/lib/X11/fonts/misc, /usr/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi,
- Bitmap font directories
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- /usr/lib/X11/fonts/Speedo Outline font directories
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- /usr/lib/X11/fonts/PEX PEX font directories
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- /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt Color database
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- /tmp/.X11-unix/X* Unix domain socket
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- /usr/adm/X*msgs Error log file
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- SEE ALSO
- X(1), bdftopcf(1), mkfontdir(1), fs(1), xauth(1), xdm(1),
- xhost(1), xinit(1), xset(1), xsetroot(1), xterm(1), Xdec(1),
- Xibm(1), XmacII(1), Xmips(1), Xqdss(1), Xqvss(1), Xsun(1),
- Xtek(1), X386(1) _X _W_i_n_d_o_w _S_y_s_t_e_m _P_r_o_t_o_c_o_l, _D_e_f_i_n_i_t_i_o_n _o_f _t_h_e
- _P_o_r_t_i_n_g _L_a_y_e_r _f_o_r _t_h_e _X _v_1_1 _S_a_m_p_l_e _S_e_r_v_e_r, _S_t_r_a_t_e_g_i_e_s _f_o_r
- _P_o_r_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _X _v_1_1 _S_a_m_p_l_e _S_e_r_v_e_r, _G_o_d_z_i_l_l_a'_s _G_u_i_d_e _t_o _P_o_r_t_i_n_g
- _t_h_e _X _V_1_1 _S_a_m_p_l_e _S_e_r_v_e_r
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- BUGS
- The option syntax is inconsistent with itself and _x_s_e_t(_1).
-
- The acceleration option should take a numerator and a denom-
- inator like the protocol.
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- If _X dies before its clients, new clients won't be able to
- connect until all existing connections have their TCP
- TIME_WAIT timers expire.
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- The color database is missing a large number of colors.
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- COPYRIGHT
- Copyright 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- See _X(_1) for a full statement of rights and permissions.
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- AUTHORS
- The sample server was originally written by Susan
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- Angebranndt, Raymond Drewry, Philip Karlton, and Todd New-
- man, from Digital Equipment Corporation, with support from a
- large cast. It has since been extensively rewritten by
- Keith Packard and Bob Scheifler, from MIT.
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